Control system



Aug. 20, 1935. l w DAWSON 2,011,970

CONTROL SYSTEM Filed Sept. 30, 1932 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 WITNESSES: INVENTOR W ATT oR Y Aug. 20, 1935. J w DAWSON 2,011,970

CONTROL SYSTEM Filed Sept. 50, 1932 2 SheetsSheet 2 WITNESSES: iNVENTOR ATT NEY Patented Aug. 20, 1935 music ul a G NT YST M 1 John w. Dawsonpwilkinsburg, 1a.; assignor toil Westinghouse Electric &. Manufaoturing Gom 1 am", Pennsylvama East Pittsburgh, lPa., a corporation of Application septemoerso, 1932, serislnoiessgsze V I 6 claims. release-'74); This inventionrelates to the controljor'sys tems for heat transfer. More specifically, it rel'ates to the system of control in which the supply vof energy' to the metor drivingthe compressoris controlled in accordance with the difference between the actual temperatujre and the desired temperature. V 7

'n power-driven compressor may b used 7 a'regfion, as in the usual mechanical refrigerator;

or itmaybe used toihcrease the temperature of a region, asin the case of the sci-hailed; reverse reirigeration.. In either case, 't'he'compressor must work faster when the temperature of the space in question is farther from the im Xtended temperature. For example; if a refrig-.

era'tcr is much Warmer? than it shculdbe'the ccmpressor must be worked more rapidlyin order tobring the refrigerator to the desired temperature within a reasonabletime. Agaimif the refrigerator being warmer than intended incli-L cates that leakage of heatinto the refrigerator has occurred faster than removal of heat from the refrigerator by the compressontheremedy' is'to increase the activity of the compressor.

Ithas been usual to stop and start .tlnz-ycorrrpressor at appropriatetimes' by a thermostat." in

the region. If the refrigerator foodoharnber, for

. example, is too warm,'the thermostat starts the compressor and; if toocool, stops it; There must result a fluctuation in the temperature, of the controlled space which is less desirable than a I steady maintenanceof 'thedesired temperature.

If the speed of the compressor be regulated in ac f cordance with the temperature in the controlled space, instead of being stopped and started-,a much more nearly steady temperature may be maintained. V

It is an object of my invention'to control the speed of a motor driving a compressor in accordance with the temperature controlled by the compressor, avoiding discontinuities inthe control suchas would resultv in stopping and starting; or abruptly changing" the speed of the, motor.

- .It is a further object or my invention to oontrol the current delivered to the compressor motor by thermally-responsive.devices acting to control. the phase of the grid potential in'oontrol tubes- I It is a furtherobject of my invention to controlthespeed of thecompressor motor by means of grid-controlled tubes inserted between the power supply and a winding controlling the speed 'of the motor. This winding 'maybe either a winding of the motor itself or another winding influencing the motor speed. 7

The" structure empioyed in v rious rembfodi ments of my invention will be apparent from the following description and the accompanying drawin s; 'iniwhichz' p v v Figure" l adiagramof circuits and apparatus employed' in one embodiment of my invention; Fig. 2 is a similar diagram for anotherjembodi ment-thereoh I Fig.3 isfa "diagram illustrating another'cin I cuitro'r connecting-the power supply tothe m-oe tor';

rigpiis a similar diagram illustmting another modification of'sirch connection;

another system of such connection;

Fig. 6 is a diagram of circuits and apparatus embodying another embodiment of my invention;

Fig. 7 is a similar diagram for still another embodiment, iand j e g 1 Fig. 8 is a similardiagram showing. a modif cationof the circuit illustrated in Fig. 7.

m nis; the; power line i supplies the field 2 oi a direct currentmotor through any suitable rectifying Idevioa'a rectifying bridge 3 being chosen for illustration. The line! supplies power through-a transformer rand two grid-controlled rectifyingtubesfi and 6, whichare connected o the secondary of the transformer l in the manner or atoll-wave rectifier; The output of this recti= fierisueliveredto the armature I of themotor which drives a compressor 8.

-' Fig. 5. is a similardia gram illustrating still chofthetubes 5' audit is equipped with a i grid, Land potential-is delivered to the grid of thetube-S from atransformerjll through a eir 'jcuit including a resistor 12 andv a condenser iii.

The conheotion"to-, thegrid of the tube 5 is from Bjbint in thiscircuit between the resistor I2 andfthe condenser l3. Similarly; a transformer 'i4, resistor Hand condenser l6 su ply potential to the gridofithe'tubefllwhich is connected to the junction of condenser I 6 and resistor IS. The returnconnection isfrom the cathodes or Ythe'iseveml' tu es to the, center poin ts or the transformers and I l.

Th'conden'sers l3 and lfi are adjustable. The

moving members thereof are mechanically con nected together by a shaft H, but insulated from I each other as indicated at l8. A'bimet'allio spiral 'lll'is'attachedto'the shaft l1 atany convenient point th'ereoilEThe condensers Iii-and lfi aref located wherever convenient; but the bimetallic member 20 must beinside or the region whichis cooled; or heated by the aotion' olf "the compres-i .sor 8; P a

'luthatrorin or my invention illustrated n-Fig.

2, the 'powerline I supplies the transformer 4 which delivers power to a full-wave rectifier comprising the tubes 22 and23. The output from.

this-rectifier is through the armature I'of a motor driving acompressor 8. The field 2 of the motor is supplied from theisame transformer through a rectifier comprising two grid-conto-the shaft I'I.

trolled tubes 24'and 25.) v

r The power line I also supplies two transformers II and I4,;thecircuit supplied by the transformer I I including a resistor I2 and a condenser I3 and the grid of the tube 25 being connected'to a point between them; The circuit supplied by the transformer I 4 includes a resistor I5 anda condenser I 8, a point between 'resistor I5 and condenser I6 being connected to the grid of the tube 24. The moving parts of condensers l3 and I5 are connected by shaft II, but, insulated from each other, as indicated at I8. I A thermally-responsive device of the vapor pressure type, including an elastic bellows. 26', is situated as explained'in connection withthe-bimetallic spiral 28 and ismechanically connected with the shaft II in any suitable way. In the way chosen for illustration a rack 2l, connected to the bellows 26, meshes with a pinion 28 fixed In the circuit illi istrated inFigQfBitheline I supplies a transformer 4 which is connected tea full-wave rectifier, including grid-controlled tubes 5 and 6. The output of this rectifier.is. deliveredin series to. the field 2 and the armature I of a motor driving the. compressor 8.

, -In the circuit illustrated in Fig. 4. the line I' is connected directly to a series motor including 3 a field 2 and anarmaturell, without the inter-p denser It in series and is connected also,,to a circuit infparallenwith that justdescribedand vention of any transformer. the line I is rectified by a full wave rectifier including grid-controlled tubes 5 and 6. V

In the form illustrated in'Fig. 5 themotor. including afield 32. andah armature 311s aittmmutator type of alternatingicu'rrent motor; and thecurrent delivered L'tliereto from" the line Iis not rectified. A reactor in circuit between the line and thev motor comprises. an iron core 38 and coils 39 and IIlTthereon, connected ;in series. The core 38 includes a central leg uponflwhich a coil M is mounted. ,A center tap of .this coil is connected to the line I f and the twojends of the coil are connected respectively to gridcoiitrolle'd tubes42 and 43.

v The form of therrnally responsivei device illustrate'd in Fig. 1 may be applied'i'n FigQZQand that illustrated in. Fig.. 2 may beappliedf in.Fig. I1',

5 without change' of. anyother. portion of-ei'ther modification. The provision'for supplying 3pc;- tential to the grids of the grid-controlled tube s shown in either Fig; 1 or Fig.2 may beapplied to control the gridsof the grid-controlled tubes in Fig.3. It has been deemed. unnecessary to ,re-

peat the illustration.

To supply the grid potentials for circuits -in which the rectifier tubes are relatively reversed or as shown in Figs. 4 and 5 a. further ,modifica-,

tion of the potential supplying circuit is necessary which will be explainedinconnection with F and 1 1 In Fig. .6 is illustrated a circuit v forsupplying the grid potentials in which a single: transformer for supplying the two grid-controlling.circuits is sufi'icient. The line I energizesatransformer I I, The secondary of the transformer; ;l I is connected to a circuitincluding resistor 11 and con- The current from comprising a condenser I B and a resistor I5 in series. From one end ofv the secondary the current flows over one circuit first through a re sistor and then through a condenser, while over .the'other. circuit it'flows from the same end of the secondary, first through a condenser and then through a resistor. i 1 i i The junction" point between the resistor '"I2 and the condenser I 3 is connected to the grid of the tube 5 and the junction point between the resistor I5 and the'condenser IB is connected to thegrid: of the tube 5'. The condensers I3 and I6 are adjustable and a mechanical connection indicated in Fig. 6 by thelink I'I insures their being adjusted together. The tubes 5 and Bare shown in a circuit controlling-a motor as in Fig. 1,

but except for a'slight change needed when the iig-lid, controlled tubes'are in mutual reversed directionas in Figs. 4 and 5. The method of producing grid potential illustrated by Fig. 6 may be applied to anyofthemotor energizing circuits.

.In' Fig. 'l-I have shown an arrangement in which a single condenser will serve for controlling two grids. In this figure the line I energizes thetransformen II,,in the secondary circuit of which is included a resistor I2 and a condenser I3. Theprimary 45' of an additional transformer is connected between the midpoint of theisecondary of transformer II and thejunction point of resistor I2 andicondenser I3.

.The primary .45 is: associated, with two secondariesjfi and 41. Ihe secondary 46 is connected between the gridand the cathode of the tube 5 and :they secondary of ,t h'e transformer 41 is connected between; the gridand the cathode of the tube 6..

. In Fig. 'lthis method of supplying grid poten- 5 tialsis shown as applied to the circuit shown in Fig. i but it, is evident thatthe same method of supplying:gridlpotential can be used in connec tion with any'motor. circuit in which the, cathode of one tube. and the anode of the. other tube are directly connectedltogether as, they are in Figs. 4"

and-5-.,- c zomy a very slightlinodification of the method shown in Fig: 7 is needed when the grid controlled-tubes are connected-in the motor supply circuit asin Figs. 1, 2 and '3, "that is, when the two cathodes are directly connected to each other.. 7

- In Fig.8 the line- I supplies 'a transformer II which feeds acircuitincluding acondenser I 3 and a resistor l;2.' primary 15 is connected between the midpoint of "the secondary of transformer II and the junction point of resistor I2 of the condenser I'3, allas'already explained in con- 1 nection with Fig.7. 'A single secondary is associated with the primary 45. One terminal 68 of this secondary is connected'tothe grid of a gridcontrolled'tube 5 and" the other terminal 49 of said secondary is 'connectedito the grid of the tube .Ihe'cathodes of tubes '5 and t are, connected together and to the middle point of the or, ii the system is to be used in connection'with] reverse refrigeration, the compressor heats the region including the bimetallic element 20. With change of temperaturethe bimetallic element 20' curls up or uncurls and thereby rotates the. shaft ii, which causes a chan'gein the adjust-' I ment of condensers l3 and it, by which the potentials delivered to the gridsof tubes5 and 6 are changed. i

In the cement the refrigerator, if the cooled chamber is too warm, the change, in phase is such as to diminishthe lag of the potentials upon the grids withthe result that more current is delivered to the armature l and the compressor is worked faster, thus cooling the refrigerator chamber more rapidly. As the refrigerator chamber cools the adjustment .of the condensers lil'and it is altered in such a direction that the lag of the potentials upon the grids of tubes 5 and G is increased. This diminishes the current supplied to the armature l and thereby causes the compressor to be driven at a slower speed. The

compressor is thus automatically brought to that speed at which it will just compensate for the leakage of heat into the refrigerator chamber.

Ananal'ogous correlation of the several movements for reverse refrigeration may be made: in

which if the temperature'produced in the heated.

densers are adjusted in the direction needed to correct the speed of the compressor. A similar explanation applies to Figs. 3 and 4, and it is believed that repetition thereoi is not needed.

In Fig. 5, when thela'gof the grid potential upon tubes 32 and 43 is increased a smaller current flows through the coil it. The flux in the core 58 is thereby diminished and the iron within the coils 38 and idis farther from saturation.

The reactance of these coils is thereby increased;

the current drop through them is thus increased, and potential impressed upon the motor diminished. The motor, therefore, slows down. Similarly, if the lag of the potential delivered to the grids of the tubes l2 and 43 be diminished, the 'motor 3? will go faster.

The effect of adjusting the single condenser in Figs. '7 or 8 and the two condensers in Fig. 6 is obvious from the explanation just given and need not be repeated. I U

Many modifications of my invention besides those illustrated will occur to people skilled in the art. The-specific illustration of'a-few forms only of theembodiment of my inventionisno-t to be interpreted as a-limitation. No limitation is intended unless required-by the prior art or indicated in theaccompanying claims.

' I claim as my invention:

'1. A heat-transferring apparatus, a motor for I operating'the same, a circuit for supplying said motor, a grid-controlled space-current device for controlling the current in said circuit in ac cordance with the phase of the potential supplied to the grid, means for supplyingpotential to the grid including a reactor controlling the phase of said potential and temperature-controlled means a for adjusting said reactor, said temperature-controlled'means being in the region affected by said heat-transferring apparatus whereby the operation of said apparatus is controlled inaccordance with the temperature of the region af iected thereby. I

2; In combination, a source of alternating current] a full-wave rectifier; energized from said source and comprising grid-controlled. tubes, a motor, means whereby the rectified current determines the speed'of said motor and a device controlling the phase of the grid potentials and thereby controlling the speed of the motor, a heat-transfer device driven by said motor, a temperature-responsive device subjected to the temperature affected by said heat-transfer device and. actuating said phase-controlling. device.

3.. In combination, a compressor, a motor driving said compressor, a supply circuit for said motor, a rectifier tube included in said circuit and having a control grid, a. network'including an adjustable condenser, meansfor impressing a potential through said networkupon saidgrid,

the phase of said potential being controlled by the adjustment of said condenser, and means controlled by thedemand upon said compressor for adjusting said condenser.

4. In combination; a transformer comprising capacitor and a resistor connected in series,

' means for connecting the terminals of said network to the terminal taps of said transformer and temperature responsive means'for continuously varying the capacity of said capacitor.

5. In combination, a power source having terminal taps and an intermediate tap, a network comprising two impedance elements connected in series with each other, saidelements being of the type that. when a potential is impressed acrossthe network, the potential drop across one the terminalsof said network to the terminal taps of said transformer and temperature-re sponsive means for continuously varying the impedance of one of said elements.

6. In combination, a fullwave rectifier comprising grid-controlled tubes, an energy translating device, means whereby the rectified current'determines the operation of the energy" translating device, a device controlling the phase a secondary winding having terminal tapsand an intermediate tap, a network comprising a element is out-of-phase with the potentialdrop across the other element, means for connecting of the grid potentials and thereby controlling the operation of the energy translating device and f i a temperature responsive device subjected ,to

, the temperature affected by the energy trans lating device and actuating said'phase controlling device. l I

I JOHN W. DAWSON. 

